The school library is a hub of knowledge for students and teachers. Thus, it plays a paramount role in the ability of students to achieve the desired level of literacy and numeracy. As a result, school libraries need to be fully equipped and have effective library services to support the teaching and learning process.
This paper enumerates the problems that hinder effective school library services in This research study investigates the behaviors, knowledge, and skills necessary for academic library outreach work. Through a review of published literature, job advertisements, and a survey of library practitioners conducted in the fall of , the authors define and prioritize 18 competencies for outreach. Hiring managers, LIS instructors, and practitioners can utilize the results of this study to structure and lay out the essential areas of outreach work in academic libraries.
Does Proactivity Drive Use? Libraries that implement trigger-initiated proactive chat reference services see substantial increases in the number and complexity of reference transactions. However, it is not clear if this growth is a result of something inherent to proactivity, or other factors such as increased awareness of the service.
To investigate this, we compare usage during periods with and without proactivity in databases in which our chat reference service is established. Steep and immediate increases when proactivity is enabled and sharp declines when it is disabled suggests that proactivity itself is driving the changes. Owan University of Calabar, Nigeria. The researchers formulated six null hypotheses to guide the study. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design.
The target population of this study comprised a total of 30, teachers and pupils, distributed across the 73 public primary schools. Diego Pino Navarro is a systems architect and open source software developer from Chile. Diego is also the Lead Architect of Archipelago Commons, an open source digital library software for cultural heritage materials. In this interview from October 18, , Sophia Ziegler talks to Diego Pino Navarro about his work with Archipelago, and specifically how he invokes the role of empathy in ongoing digital library software development.
Diego talks about his efforts to build a digital library Religious publishing is not strange to the knowledge production community of the human race. However, Islamic publishing has been problematic either in Nigeria or elsewhere in the globe. Literature has shown a slow response to scholarly publishing from the Muslim world generally. This study seeks to evaluate the performance of religious publishing between and in Nigeria and the quantum of contributions of Islam to this productivity.
The data for the study was obtained from the National Bibliography of Nigeria which aggregates the bibliographic records of publications produced in the country annually. A total of 1, entries within Out of articles, the majority of The study came out with an Authorship pattern showing a majority of contributions from collaborative authors, a maximum contributed by authors. Malaysia has the highest number of The present study is exhibited the preservation and conservation techniques in the college libraries of Diamond Harbour and Alipore subdivisions in the district of South 24parganas.
It also discusses degradation problems of print and non-print materials, causes of deterioration of library documents, and different obstacles to using preservation techniques. To secure the library materials in a good manner need to apply the preservation and conservation techniques which include cleaning and dusting, use of insecticides and insect repellent such as Thymol, Dichlorovos, Dursban, Naphthalene balls, Neem leaf, etc.
The Covid pandemic has necessitated a tremendous shift in library services. Librarians need to equip themselves with the necessary skills to provide efficient services to the users. The objective of this study is to discover the digital skills possessed by the librarians and to evaluate the services that they are providing during the post-pandemic era.
Survey research was adopted and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the librarians working in the various higher education institutions in the State of Goa, India.
The study found that most librarians lack This poster aims to examine how we can encourage faculty to deposit their scholarly works into our institutional repository IR. After devoting considerable energy on the development, implementation, and populating of content, the time had come to refocus our efforts to address the lack of faculty participation.
Our research compelled us to rethink how we engage with faculty to identify barriersthat may limit their participation and awareness of the IR. In this study we conducted semi-structured interviews with faculty to explore how to best address the issues that define their engagement, and use of the institutional repository.
After data. Saracco, Andrea Baer, Daniel G. Kipnis Rowan University. This lightning talk will provide an overview of two projects faculty librarians undertook in response to the emerging information literacy needs of various stakeholders at Rowan University.
The two projects include: a Covid and misinformation online guide and a Covid online research-focused guide for healthcare practitioners. This study tries to determine the current Institutional Repository IR scenario in the central university libraries of Assam.
A systematic questionnaire for the respondents was developed to capture the primary data. The surveys were handed out or sent to the target groups, and they were returned by hand or e-mail. Many conditions must be satisfied to properly establish IRs. According to the current study, the main hurdles to IRs in central university libraries of Assam are lack of technical assistance and high-speed internet connection. Why are certain academics allowed to see their work while others are not?
What would make The preservation and conservation of traditional manuscripts is an age old practice. But for the past two decades or so, preserving the endangered manuscripts through digitization has become the prime concern of governments so that such manuscripts can be kept safely for future generations as manuscripts are considered to be an important asset to know our culture and tradition better.
The present study primarily highlights the conservation and archival policies adopted by the British Library to digitize the ancient manuscripts of the North-Eastern states of India.
Students as the human capital need to be empowered for the socio- economic development of our country. The pace with which the world is moving accelerates the need for a proactive outlay to evolve a strong, energetic and buoyant kind of learners who can meet the challenges in life and work. The skills required for the future workforce are totally different from what our students are acquiring now. Libraries, as an integral part of our educational system, can contribute much towards skill development, especially in schools.
School libraries are centres where students can develop their skills through self- paced learning Beis, Stephanie Shreffler University of Dayton. Librarians and archivists preserve information on the Internet through web archiving, but undergraduate students may not have considered that information on the Internet is not always permanent.
The results suggest further opportunities for involving undergraduate students with web archiving initiatives at institutions, and using web archiving as a Knowledge management is an activity that stores, disseminates, uses, and develops knowledge within the organization to increase its ability to grow and survive. The importance of knowledge management in the context of Islamic banking is expected to increase the organization's ability to create new products, services, and systems that can be continuously adapted to current conditions but are still based on the principles and philosophy of the bank itself.
Organizational culture is an essential factor in building and strengthening knowledge management in organizations. This study aims to find out the development map and trend of Knowledge Management in Islamic In the past decade, cataloguing and classification and information literacy have experienced a critical turn, acknowledging the political, economic, and social forces that shape complex information environments.
Library user experience UX has yet to undergo such a transformation, however; instead, it continues to be seen as a toolkit of value-neutral approaches for evaluating and improving library services and spaces to enhance user satisfaction and engagement. Library UX draws upon ethnography but is also informed by the principles and values of usability and design. It can also be a serious dilemma to concentrate on narrow research problems because practice demands broad knowledge of many kinds.
The other dimension concerns the attempt to develop a generalist competence vs a specialist competence. General librarians, however, adopted a form-oriented strategy by trying to produce a completely satisfactory library catalogue by utilizing computers. Olsson's model for professional strategies.
Generalists on form are, for example, those who can develop and design new library and information systems. In this case it is the opinion of Olsson that the technical interest among librarians is too small and that a conversion of the profession is necessary if this strategy is going to be fruitful.
Librarians as well as documentalists have also aimed at a content-oriented expertise. Because the LIS-profession is an academic profession, subject-specialism has been regarded as a natural way to receive status as an expert. In her view this strategy is doomed to fail. As an example we can see that many kinds of content-oriented generalizations are possible, but they are not mentioned in her book. However, her model is very thought-provocative and inspiring and I intend to use it for further analysis of the developing strategies for the LIS-profession.
Overall, small libraries and small information systems therefore tend to be less professional compared to the big ones. Small libraries and information systems can, however, also be specialized and highly professional.
You will never become a specialist in Chinese medicine by studying China and medicine as two separate subject areas. In a similar way, you will never 5 As documentation of the trend towards information management, Olsson provides references to Svenonius and Witthus ; Garoogian , to the development at Berkeley University in California Anon. In this regard, libraries are more like educational institutions.
At the lower levels teachers tend to be educated as teachers with some degree of subject specialism, whereas at the higher levels, teachers tend to be educated in a subject area, with some additional courses in educational methods. Besides it is also a question of what should be understood by the study of information as pure form, in abstraction from all content.
The parallel to education is to develop knowledge about the teaching of mathematics, music, chemistry, etc. In Fig. We shall shortly comment upon the four quartiles in the model. The specialized content-oriented function corresponds to the function as discipline or subject specialist. It is handled by traditional research librarians, documentalists and subject specialists including some librarians in major public libraries; typical here is, for example, the role as music librarian.
In my opinion, these people are not specialists in the same way as, for example, scientists or scholars at universities: They have an identity of their own with a much broader grasp of a whole domain, its information producers, communication channels, databases, subject language, user groups etc. It would be much better to describe them as domain-generalists.
The generalized content-oriented function corresponds to a broader education which is typically represented by a general cultural worker or envoy in a public library. A work such as Whitley The Intellectual and social organisation of the sciences could serve as an example of such generalized content- oriented knowledge. However, the role as general knowledge workers is seen rather seldom in research libraries, information centers and elsewhere.
This is the role of librarians and information specialists who are not narrowly delimited to a single discipline, but to a superordinal area such as business and management, the media-sector, the health sector or the librarians who have a broad specialization in either the humanities, the social sciences, science or technology. The real experts in this area are computer scientists, engineers, systems planners, etc.
Formalist theories have obtained outstanding results and general computer science is a very desirable expertise. However, the form-oriented knowledge tends to develop into a specialization which essentially concerns the content. The specialized form-oriented function occupies itself with, for example, work of standardization, rules for describing documents in databases and formatting.
As in the generalized form-oriented function important standards and procedures exist. Such standards and procedures can be important to know and to develop further. However, also in this case, a theory of pure form will rapidly encounter its limits. Standardization should not be regarded as a constraint imposed on a content, but as something generalized. The job-functions typically related to the essential of competence of librarians, documentalists and information specialists concern information seeking in databases, on the Internet, in libraries, etc.
As shown in Fig. Some LIS-disciplines placed in Olsson's model. This is in my opinion typical of the essential competences of the profession. In my opinion the central subjects are related to both form and content.
Bibliography thus is most form-oriented in national bibliography, but most content-oriented when it comes to a theory of subject-bibliography and search strategies in online retrieval. Reference work is generally more content related than bibliography. The term library science German: Bibliothekswissenschaft goes back to a textbook by Martin Schrettinger, , cf. In Library 8 Schrader , p. Information science is concerned with the generation, collection, organization, interpretation, storage, retrieval, dissemination, transformation and use of information, with particular emphasis on the applications of modern technologies in these areas.
It has both pure science theoretical components, which inquire into the subject without regard to application, and applied science practical components, which develop services and products. It implies that information is a thing, which can be produced, stored, transformed, and used. It has an implicit conception of information as being documents. This is not in accordance with the most recognized the- ories of information. It is much more common to look at information as some change in the receiver's knowledge or uncertainty.
Such subject specialist mostly has a master's degree or PhD in a subject e. Implicitly they often operated from a background in subject knowledge but this was not at that time developed into some kind of theoretical view. One strategy has been to concentrate on IT-issues. Another strategy have been to psychologize e.
More on this in the section about theory. My answer is yes. The same is also the case with other professions. It is important to develop a body of general and respected knowledge in LIS, but such knowledge should be based on a realistic philosophy, not on ideologies constructed to suit some unrealistic dreams.
Charles A. Henry E. UDC 1st edn. Statistic approach. Belkin, P. Ingwersen, etc. Natural language processing; Linguistic approaches 5. Research on the relative role of terms vs references in information retrieval. Research on the semantic relations between citing and cited papers. Research on citer motivation. Research on sociological patterns in citing 5. Document composition studies. Research on hypertext navigation and the optimal design of nodes and links.
However, new technologies have often ignored existing knowledge e. Cutter's rules from and at a later time reinvented this knowledge. The goal for LIS is to write a history of its theoretical development abstracted from the concrete technologies in which its principles have been studied. Also, the tendency has been that library and information science has passively used the technology without contributing to its development. If LIS shall be able to contribute valuable knowledge, its focus must be abstracted from concrete technologies.
Ingwersen, , p. This does not mean that LIS or medicine does not have aspects of fundamental research, but that it is important to keep attention to that aim. Document selection and collection development. Design of information systems. Quality management of information services. The problems in practical library and information work are often related to lack of time, lack of knowledge on local conventions, or lack of knowledge in the concrete subject area.
Applied research is programs where the question are asked by somebody other than the researchers themselves and thus motivated by external factors , whereas fundamental research are programs where the questions are raised by the researchers themselves and thus motivated by their curiosity and other internal factors. In the last end science should serve practice science is a part of the division of labor in society.
However, pragmatic philosophers such as John Dewey realized that fundamental research is very important. When our motivation is too much determined by contributing to the solution of real problems out there, we naturally become impatient.
Although it is laudable to try and solve human problems as quickly as possible, in such a rush there is considerable temptation to claim a level of understanding that cannot be supported: it often results in a disdain for critical thinking and theory. In my own understanding many techniques e.
We often need to ask more fundamental questions, which may not be easily addressed with empirical methods. Empirical work must always follow good theoretical work. This involves reading broadly and situating the issues historically, so that we know where questions fundamental to theories come from, why they have been asked the way they have, and why we might be tempted to think about them in the way that seems so evident to us.
Another way of putting this is, that especially in human, behavioral and social sciences, including library and information science, it is very important to have a historical perspective of the research traditions and to look at oneself as a part of a historical development. Such theoretical training ought to take place alongside developing empirical and statistical skills, and should be seen as necessary competencies for any behavioral or information scientist.
Unfortunately, this is not the normal picture. We seem too often to have become content with the theoretical perspectives already available. Little attention is given to their adaquacy or the advisability of looking at a particular topic through the lenses these perspectives provide.
Who have made fundamental breakthroughs in our discipline? Which interdisciplinary trends and philosophical outlooks seem most promising? Examples of concrete research problems LIS can only become a science, if it is able to formulate researchable problems. Most important: unless we can formulate clear goals for our research, we may be unable to create a need for our research activities. Some examples are:.
A theoretical question. Categories Every discipline has its fundamental concepts or categories. In LIS they include in alphabetical arrangement :. Concepts and meaning semantics. Domains of knowledge , disciplines. Information, information technology IT , information systems,16 information seeking, information retrieval. Knowledge, knowledge representation. Literature, especially subject literature.
Lancaster, In philosophy the concept of categories have their own history, where Aristotle's 10 categories is one major contribution, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, who in his later writings developed the idea, that there can be no universal scheme of categories to be unveiled, let alone to be established by a theory.
Clarity can be achieved only piecemeal, context by context, there is no short cut via an ideal language cf.
Thompson, As with every other concept, the concept of categories is dependent on the underlying philosophical view. Examples are:. Search techniques in electronic databases and on the Internet. Multimedia storage and retrieval. Library automation, Digital libraries. User studies. Library history. Subject specialist, e.
The problem of listing and relating the subdisciplines of LIS is just one example on how to classify a knowledge domain. We do not have many explicit theories in LIS.
Jarvie, However, a lot of papers are published and much practical work is done without explicating any theoretical or metatheoretical assumptions. TQM Total quality management Ranganathan's facet-analytic approach contains a theory of subjects, which I would call a theory.
They are more or less conscious or unconscious assumptions behind theoretical, empirical, and practical work. What should a theory of L IS look like? A theory of a problem in LIS e. Such theories are not of much interest to LIS to the extent that they are purely individual or purely universal.
To the degree they are purely individual no common lessens can be generalized in IS. To the degree that they are universal they are simply trivial: nothing important has to be learned. This must be found in theories about information analysis, which tend to be relatively stabile, but not universal among the users. The Mediator Model contains 13 functions in relation to information retrieval cf.
Domain Model 2. System Model 3. User Model 4. System Model Adaptor 5. User Model Builder 6. Retrieval Strategy 7. Response Generator 8. Feedback Generator 9. Request Model Builder Mapping Explanation Transformer Planner Such a model can be a valuable heuristic aid for analyzing IR-interaction.
However, if it is considered a model of human mental functioning, and thought of as derived from research in cognitive psychology, it contains very problematic ontological assumptions.
The same is also the case in LIS. A Model helps us visualize how something might work and what variables should be taken into account. Often information scientists seem to be content building such models, testing them empirically, and modify or reject them. Correct models will supposedly be selected on a trial- and-error basis. The problem with this approach is that model testing does not question the assumptions on which the model was built.
Models rarely expand our most basic understanding of the phenomena being modeled. There is no model, for example, that sheds light on the question of whether cognitivism or sociocognitivism best explains information seeking.
Related disciplines Which related disciplines LIS draws on can be analyzed empirically through maps based on co-citation analysis. The related disciplines include Communication studies. Linguistics including computer linguistics, languages for special purposes, and lexicography.
Mathematics and statistics. Science studies. Sociology especially the sociology of science. Mutual exchange of knowledge between disciplines is a sign of progressive science, whereas disciplinary isolation can be a sign of a degenerated research program.
In spite of this Warner concludes on the basis of a bibliometric investigation that there is a very limited export of knowledge from linguistics to IS. They are internally related and overlapping. The most important approaches in IS are in my view:. Semiotic,20 hermeneutic, and related views. Eclectic views. This does not mean, that one approach is as good as any other. It does mean that you cannot just do research without knowing and considering theoretical and metatheoretical issues.
An advantage in the eclectic position is that it does not discard a theory on a prejudiced attitude. In principle, it should be more open in considering the strength and weaknesses of various positions. There are disadvantages of this view of theorizing.
It may, for example, lead us to believe in theories that are mutually contradictory. In not explicating the basis on which the theories are selected, evaluated and used, eclecticism is not taking any of the theoretical positions seriously. Any given theory built on assumptions and have implications and only a small part of the assumptions and implications are carefully examined and explicated. The eclectic position is open to all the theoretical mistakes that it tries to avoid. In doing this, the eclecticist becomes increasingly committed to a certain theoretical view.
My conclusion is that eclecticism is to a certain degree a necessary view especially for the applied researcher. Many interdisciplinary approaches in the humanities and the social sciences are potentially candidates for approaches in LIS. To introduce a new approach in LIS e. Examples of research methods are:. Interviewing and survey methods. Thinking aloud in cognitive studies. Statistical methods. Experimental research especially the Information retrieval tradition. Conceptual analysis. Historical studies.
First of all, one does not ask what kind of problem one is going to investigate, and, in consequence, one does not know whether the proposed methods are relevant or not for the research in question. Second, one disregards the fact that any method suggested can pose deeper lying problems regarding the philosophy of the social sciences.
Some important methodological distinctions in LIS and generally in the social sciences are. Methodological individualism.
Methodological collectivism. Quantitative methodologies. Philosophical positions include those set out in Table 2. Many introductions to these philosophical schools exist. One starting place could be the new Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version 1. A philosophical position is not something you choose like the color of your wallpaper. Philosophical positions are something you work out in order to solve theoretical problems in your research.
Critical rationalism Jarvie, Swanson Karl Popper. Example: Cleverdon, Mills and Keen Feminist Code, Olson More explicit historicist perspectives are often connected to hermeneutic, pragmatic and historical-materialistic perspective. Postmodernism and Ermarth, ; Gutting, Miksa Poststructuralism ; Sim, Example: Langridge , There is no escape from this.
There is no neutral ground. You can be unaware of or silent about your orientation; but that only is a choice, where you are hiding the consequences of your research strategy. Philosophical positions may be implicit or explicit, recognized or unconscious. Often researchers in, for example, the hermeneutic tradition are explicit about their philosophical approach, while, for example, researchers in the positivistic tradition are silent about this.
The nature of science is to investigate its own assumptions and methods. Users, their cognition and information seeking behavior. Subject analysis. Information retrieval, text composition, and semantics. The typology of documents.
Information selection, research evaluation, and collection development. The nature of information systems. The roles of information specialists A rationalistic position as found in, for example, cognitive science, implies that the study of users' brains is an adequate strategy to obtain relevant knowledge in LIS.
Epistemologies with a historical orientation are better suited to conceptualize users in a way that is relevant for LIS. This is, however, also the most neglected aspect. References Alston, W. Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy, Version 1. London: Routledge. Proposal for a School of Information Management and Systems. Unpublished material. Bar-Hillel, Y. Language and information. London: Addison-Wesley. Barlow, D. The scientist practitioner.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Belkin, N. A Concept of Information for Information Science. London: University of London. Doctoral dissertation. Benediktsson, D. Hermeneutics: Dimensions towards LIS thinking.
Dokumentation p. Blair, D. Language and representation in information retrieval. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Borko, H. Information science: What is it? Brier, S. Briet, S. Qu'est-ce que la documentation?. Paris: Editions Documentaires Industrielle et Techniques.
Brookes, B. Personal transferable skills for the modern information professional.
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